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SAS (software)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">SAS</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="SAS_Institute" title="SAS Institute">SAS Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1972 (1972)</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">9.4M8

/ January 31, 2023 (2023-01-31)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframe</a>, <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>/<a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS Alpha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a>, artificial intelligence software</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.com">www.sas.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System")<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is data and artificial intelligence software developed by <a href="SAS_Institute" title="SAS Institute">SAS Institute</a> for <a href="Data_management" title="Data management">data management</a>, advanced analytics, <a href="Multivariate_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate analysis">multivariate analysis</a>, <a href="Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a>, and <a href="Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a>.

SAS was developed at <a href="North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> from 1966 until 1976, when SAS Institute was incorporated. SAS was further developed in the 1980s and 1990s with the addition of new statistical procedures, additional components and the introduction of <a href="JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP</a>. A <a href="Point_and_click" title="Point and click">point-and-click</a> interface was added in version 9 in 2004. A <a href="Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">social media analytics</a> product was added in 2010. <a href="SAS_Viya" title="SAS Viya">SAS Viya</a>, a suite of analytics and artificial intelligence software, was introduced in 2016.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_overview_and_terminology">Technical overview and terminology</h2></div>

SAS is a data analysis and artificial intelligence software suite that can <a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">mine</a>, alter, manage and retrieve data from a variety of sources and perform statistical analysis on it.<a href="#cite_note-encycl-2">[2]</a> SAS provides a graphical point-and-click user interface for non-technical users and more through the <a href="SAS_language" title="SAS language">SAS language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encycl-2">[2]</a>

SAS programs have DATA steps, which retrieve and manipulate data, PROC (procedures) which analyze the data, and may also have functions.<a href="#cite_note-court-3">[3]</a> Each step consists of a series of statements.<a href="#cite_note-DelwicheSlaughter2012-4">[4]</a>

The DATA step has executable statements that result in the software taking an action, and declarative statements that provide instructions to read a data set or alter the data's appearance.<a href="#cite_note-court-3">[3]</a> The DATA step has two phases: compilation and execution. In the compilation phase, declarative statements are processed and syntax errors are identified. Afterwards, the execution phase processes each executable statement sequentially.<a href="#cite_note-Li2013-5">[5]</a> Data sets are organized into tables with rows called "observations" and columns called "variables". Additionally, each piece of data has a descriptor and a value.<a href="#cite_note-court-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

PROC statements call upon named procedures. Procedures perform analysis and reporting on data sets to produce statistics, analyses, and graphics. There are more than 300 named procedures and each one performs a substantial body of statistical work.<a href="#cite_note-court-3">[3]</a> PROC statements can also display results, sort data or perform other operations.<a href="#cite_note-DelwicheSlaughter2012-4">[4]</a>

SAS macros are pieces of code or variables that are coded once and referenced to perform repetitive tasks.<a href="#cite_note-BassSolutions2007-7">[7]</a>

SAS data can be published in HTML, PDF, Excel, RTF and other formats using the Output Delivery System, which was first introduced in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> SAS Enterprise Guide is SAS's point-and-click interface. It generates code to manipulate data or perform analysis without the use of the SAS programming language.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

The SAS software suite has more than 200 add-on packages, sometimes called components<a href="#cite_note-Schermerhorn2011-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-berk-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Some of these SAS components, i.e. add on packages to Base SAS include:<a href="#cite_note-encycl-2">[2]</a>

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<ul><li>SAS/STAT – Statistical analysis</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS/GRAPH – Graphics and presentation</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS/OR – Operations research</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS/ETS – <a href="Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> and <a href="Time_Series_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Series Analysis">Time Series Analysis</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS/IML – Interactive matrix language</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS/AF – Applications facility</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS/QC – Quality control</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS/INSIGHT – <a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS/PH – <a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trial</a> analysis</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS Enterprise Miner – data mining</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS Enterprise Guide – GUI-based code editor & project manager</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS Enterprise BI – Suite of <a href="Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a> applications</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS Grid Manager – Manager of SAS grid computing environment</li></ul>

<ul><li>SAS Customer Intelligence 360 – Customer intelligence</li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div>

The development of SAS started in 1966 after <a href="North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> re-hired <a href="Anthony_James_Barr" title="Anthony James Barr">Anthony Barr</a><a href="#cite_note-NourseGreenberg1978-14">[14]</a> to program his analysis of variance and regression software so that it would run on <a href="IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> computers.<a href="#cite_note-AgrestiMeng2012-15">[15]</a> The project was funded by the <a href="National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fda-16">[16]</a> and was originally intended to analyze agricultural data<a href="#cite_note-berk-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-“little-17">[17]</a> to improve crop yields.<a href="#cite_note-seventyeight-18">[18]</a> Barr was joined by student <a href="James_Goodnight" title="James Goodnight">James Goodnight</a>, who developed the software's statistical routines, and the two became project leaders.<a href="#cite_note-NourseGreenberg1978-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-AgrestiMeng2012-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-timeline-19">[19]</a> In 1968, Barr and Goodnight integrated new <a href="Multiple_regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple regression">multiple regression</a> and <a href="Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">analysis of variance</a> routines.<a href="#cite_note-Attr76-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1972, after issuing the first release of SAS, the project lost its funding.<a href="#cite_note-fda-16">[16]</a> According to Goodnight, this was because NIH only wanted to fund projects with medical applications.<a href="#cite_note-intervieww-22">[22]</a> Goodnight continued teaching at the university for a salary of $1 and access to mainframe computers for use with the project,<a href="#cite_note-fda-16">[16]</a> until it was funded by the <a href="University_Statisticians_of_the_Southern_Experiment_Stations" title="University Statisticians of the Southern Experiment Stations">University Statisticians of the Southern Experiment Stations</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-AgrestiMeng2012-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-intervieww-22">[22]</a> <a href="John_Sall" title="John Sall">John Sall</a> joined the project in 1973 and contributed to the software's econometrics, time series, and matrix algebra. Another early participant, Caroll G. Perkins, contributed to SAS' early programming. Jolayne W. Service and Jane T. Helwig created SAS's first documentation.<a href="#cite_note-Attr76-20">[20]</a>

The first versions of SAS, from SAS 71 to SAS 82, were named after the year in which they were released.<a href="#cite_note-expert-23">[23]</a> In 1971, SAS 71 was published as a limited release.<a href="#cite_note-encycl-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It was used only on IBM mainframes and had the main elements of SAS programming, such as the DATA step and the most common procedures, i.e. PROCs.<a href="#cite_note-expert-23">[23]</a> The following year a full version was released as SAS 72, which introduced the MERGE statement and added features for handling missing data or combining data sets.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The development of SAS was described by the <a href="CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> website as an "<a href="Inflection_point" title="Inflection point">inflection point</a>" in the <a href="History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">history of artificial intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1976, Barr, Goodnight, Sall, and Helwig removed the project from North Carolina State and incorporated it as the <a href="SAS_Institute" title="SAS Institute">SAS Institute, Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div>

SAS was redesigned in SAS 76. The INPUT and INFILE statements were improved so they could read most data formats used by IBM mainframes. Generating reports was also added through the PUT and FILE statements. The ability to analyze <a href="General_linear_model" title="General linear model">general linear models</a> was also added<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> as was the FORMAT procedure, which allowed developers to customize the appearance of data.<a href="#cite_note-expert-23">[23]</a> In 1979, SAS 79 added support for the IBM VM/<a href="Conversational_Monitor_System" title="Conversational Monitor System">CMS operating system</a> and introduced the DATASETS procedure. Three years later, SAS 82 introduced an early macro language and the APPEND procedure.<a href="#cite_note-expert-23">[23]</a>

Beginning with SAS 4, released in 1984, SAS releases have followed a sequential naming convention not based on year of release.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> SAS version 4 had limited features, but made SAS more accessible. Version 5 introduced a complete macro language, array subscripts, and a full-screen interactive user interface called Display Manager.<a href="#cite_note-expert-23">[23]</a> In 1985, SAS was rewritten in the <a href="C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C programming language</a>. This enabled the SAS' MultiVendor Architecture which allows the software to run on <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>, <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, and <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>. It was previously written in <a href="PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, and <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-expert-23">[23]</a>

In the 1980s and 1990s, SAS released a number of components to complement Base SAS. SAS/GRAPH, which produces graphics, was released in 1980, as well as the SAS/ETS component, which supports econometric and time series analysis. A component intended for pharmaceutical users, SAS/PH-Clinical, was released in the 1990s. The <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> standardized on using SAS/PH-Clinical for new drug applications in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-19">[19]</a> Vertical products like SAS Financial Management and SAS Human Capital Management (then called CFO Vision and HR Vision respectively) were also introduced.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<a href="JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP</a> was developed by SAS co-founder <a href="John_Sall" title="John Sall">John Sall</a> and a team of developers, in order to take advantage of the graphical user interface introduced in the 1984 <a href="Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CoxGaudard2009-31">[31]</a> JMP's name originally stood for "John's Macintosh Project".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> JMP was shipped for the first time in 1989. Updated versions of JMP were released continuously after 2002 with the most recent release in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-jumptwo-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-thirtyeight-36">[36]</a> In January 2022, JMP became a <a href="Wholly_owned_subsidiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholly owned subsidiary">wholly owned subsidiary</a> of SAS Institute, having previously been a business unit of the company.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

SAS 6 was used throughout the 1990s and was available on a wider range of operating systems, including <a href="Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>, <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a>, and <a href="PRIMOS" title="PRIMOS">PRIMOS</a>. SAS introduced new features through dot-releases. From 6.06 to 6.09, a user interface based on the Windows paradigm was introduced and support for SQL was added.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Version 7 introduced the Output Delivery System (ODS) and an improved text editor. Subsequent releases improved upon the ODS. For example, more output options were added in version 8. The number of operating systems that were supported was reduced to <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>, <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> and <a href="Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>, and <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> was added.<a href="#cite_note-supported_systems-39">[39]</a> SAS 8 and SAS Enterprise Miner were released in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3></div>

In 2002, SAS Text Miner software was introduced. Text Miner <a href="Text_mining" title="Text mining">analyzes text data</a> like emails for patterns in <a href="Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2004, SAS Version 9.0 was released, referred to as "Project Mercury" internally, and was designed to make SAS accessible to a broader range of business users.<a href="#cite_note-sixtyfour-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-sixtyfive-42">[42]</a> SAS 9.0 added custom user interfaces based on the user's role and established the point-and-click user interface of SAS Enterprise Guide as the software's primary <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI).<a href="#cite_note-sixtyfour-41">[41]</a> The <a href="Customer_Relationship_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Customer Relationship Management">Customer Relationship Management</a> (CRM) features were improved in 2004 with SAS Interaction Management.<a href="#cite_note-sixtythree-43">[43]</a> In 2008, SAS announced Project Unity, designed to integrate data quality, data integration, and <a href="Master_data_management" title="Master data management">master data management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sixtysix-44">[44]</a>

<a href="SAS_Institute_Inc_v_World_Programming_Ltd" title="SAS Institute Inc v World Programming Ltd">SAS Institute Inc v World Programming Ltd</a> was a lawsuit with developers of a competing implementation, <a href="World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a>, alleging that they had infringed SAS's copyright in part by implementing the same functionality. The case was referred by the United Kingdom's <a href="High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> to the <a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> on 11 August 2010.<a href="#cite_note-ecj_reference-45">[45]</a> In May 2012, the <a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> ruled in favor of World Programming, finding that "the functionality of a computer program and the programming language cannot be protected by copyright."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

A free version of SAS was introduced for students in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-fortyeight-47">[47]</a> SAS Social Media Analytics, a tool for social media monitoring, engagement and <a href="Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">sentiment analysis</a>, was also released that year.<a href="#cite_note-twentyseven-48">[48]</a> SAS Rapid Predictive Modeler (RPM), which creates basic analytical models using <a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>, was introduced the same year.<a href="#cite_note-ninetyfour-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-sixtyseven-50">[50]</a> In 2010, JMP 9 included a new interface for using the <a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R programming language</a> and an add-in for MS Excel.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The following year, a <a href="High_Performance_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="High Performance Computing">High Performance Computing</a> platform was made available in a partnership with <a href="Teradata" title="Teradata">Teradata</a> and <a href="EMC_Greenplum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMC Greenplum">EMC Greenplum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2011, the company released SAS Enterprise Miner 7.1.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The company introduced 27 data management products from October 2013 to October 2014 and updates to 160 others.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At the SAS Global Forum 2015, SAS announced several new products that were specialized for different industries, as well as new training software.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

The company has invested in the development of artificial general intelligence, or "strong AI", with the goal of advancing deep learning and natural language processing to the point of achieving cognitive computing.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

In 2019, SAS announced that it would be investing $1 billion into the development of advanced artificial intelligence, deep learning, natural language processing and <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> It announced an additional $1 billion investment into these areas in 2023, particularly for industries such as finance, insurance, government, health care and energy.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In September 2023, the company announced its expansion of research into the applications of <a href="Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative AI</a> in analytics, data management and modeling.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_products">Software products</h2></div>

As of 2011, SAS's largest set of products was its line for <a href="Customer_intelligence" title="Customer intelligence">customer intelligence</a>. SAS modules for web, social media and marketing analytics may be used to profile customers and prospects, attempt to predict their behaviors, and manage communications.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

SAS also provides the SAS Fraud Framework, which is designed to monitor transactions across different networks and use analytics to identify anomalies that are indicative of fraud.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> This software uses artificial intelligence to monitor income and assets.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>

SAS has various analytical tools related to <a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a>

SAS has products for specific industries, such as government, retail, telecommunications, aerospace, marketing optimization, and <a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The company also has a suite of analytical products related to health care and life sciences.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_products">Comparison to other products</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison of statistical packages</a></div>

In a 2005 article for the <a href="Journal_of_Marriage_and_Family" title="Journal of Marriage and Family">Journal of Marriage and Family</a> comparing statistical packages from SAS and its competitors <a href="Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a> and <a href="SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a>, Alan C. Acock wrote that SAS programs provide "extraordinary range of data analysis and data management tasks," but were difficult to learn and use.<a href="#cite_note-Acock-72">[72]</a> SPSS and Stata, meanwhile, were both easier to learn but had less capable analytic abilities, though these could be expanded with paid (in SPSS) or free (in Stata) add-ons. Acock concluded that SAS was best for <a href="Power_user" title="Power user">power users</a>, while occasional users would benefit most from SPSS and Stata.<a href="#cite_note-Acock-72">[72]</a> A 2014 comparison by the <a href="University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, gave similar results.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>

Competitors such as <a href="Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a> and <a href="Alpine_Data_Labs" title="Alpine Data Labs">Alpine Data Labs</a> advertise their products as considerably cheaper than SAS's. In a 2011 comparison, Doug Henschen of <a href="InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a> found that start-up fees for the three are similar, though he admitted that the starting fees were not necessarily the best basis for comparison.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> SAS's business model is not weighted as heavily on initial fees for its programs, instead focusing on revenue from annual subscription fees.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-SoftBus-76">[76]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="SAS_Viya" title="SAS Viya">SAS Viya</a></div>

In 2016, SAS Viya, an artificial intelligence, machine learning, analytics and data management platform,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> was introduced with a new architecture optimized for running SAS software in public clouds. Viya also increased interoperability with open source software, allowing models to be built in tools such as <a href="R_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="R (software)">R</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="Jupyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupyter">Jupyter</a>, and then executed on SAS's Cloud Analytics Services (CAS) engine.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 2020, a further architectural revamp in Viya 4 <a href="Containerization_(computing)" title="Containerization (computing)">containerized</a> the software.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> SAS sells Viya alongside SAS 9.4, and has not positioned it as a replacement for SAS 9.4.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

In 2023, two new <a href="Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a> (SaaS) modules for SAS Viya were released as a private preview: Workbench, for use in creating AI models, and App Factory, for use in creating AI applications. Both modules support multiple programming languages and are expected to become generally available in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> SAS Viya also became available on <a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> Marketplace under a pay-as-you-use model in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>

In 2023, the company introduced SAS Health, a common health data model built on the SAS Viya platform.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2></div>

According to IDC, SAS is the largest market-share holder in "advanced analytics" with 35.4 percent of the market as of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> It is the fifth largest market-share holder for <a href="Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence (BI)</a> software with a 6.9% share<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and the largest independent vendor. It competes in the BI market against <a href="SAP_BusinessObjects" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP BusinessObjects">SAP BusinessObjects</a>, <a href="IBM_Cognos" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Cognos">IBM Cognos</a>, <a href="SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a>, <a href="Oracle_Hyperion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle Hyperion">Oracle Hyperion</a>, and <a href="Power_BI" class="mw-redirect" title="Power BI">Microsoft Power BI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> SAS has been named in the Gartner Leader's Quadrant for Data Integration Tools and for Business Intelligence and Analytical Platforms.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>

A study published in 2011 in <a href="BMC_Health_Services_Research" title="BMC Health Services Research">BMC Health Services Research</a> found that SAS was used in 42.6 percent of data analyses in health service research, based on a sample of 1,139 articles drawn from three journals.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_applications">Uses and applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div>

SAS' analytical software is used in education to measure and visualize student outcomes and growth trends.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Several states, including Virginia, North Carolina, Mississippi, Missouri, and North Dakota use its software to measure and analyze <a href="Summer_learning_loss" title="Summer learning loss">learning loss</a> and learning recovery in students.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_science">Environmental science</h3></div>

SAS and the <a href="International_Institute_for_Applied_Systems_Analysis" title="International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis">International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis</a> launched an app that <a href="Crowdsource" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdsource">crowdsources</a> image data related to deforestation to train AI algorithms that can identify human impact on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>'s Center for Coastal Solutions partners with SAS to develop research, training programs and analytical tools related to environmental issues affecting coastal communities.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>

The UNC Center for Galapagos Studies partnered with SAS in 2023 to create a model that can track the health and migratory patterns of species such as <a href="Sea_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea turtles">sea turtles</a> and <a href="Hammerhead_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammerhead sharks">hammerhead sharks</a>, as well as the health of the <a href="Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_and_insurance">Finance and insurance</h3></div>

SAS's fraud detection and prevention software is used by the tax agencies of various countries, such as the United States,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-100">[100]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_and_life_sciences">Healthcare and life sciences</h3></div>

SAS has been a partner of the <a href="Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a> since 1982.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> During the <a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the clinic used predictive models developed by SAS to forecast factors such as patient volume, availability of medical equipment and bed capacity in various scenarios. SAS joined UNC Chapel Hill's Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:0-102">[102]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison of numerical-analysis software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_OLAP_servers" title="Comparison of OLAP servers">Comparison of OLAP servers</a></li>

<li><a href="JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP (statistical software)</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="SAS_Institute_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="SAS Institute Inc.">SAS Institute Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="SAS_language" title="SAS language">SAS language</a></li>

<li><a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R (programming language)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergCoxMasonGrizzle1978" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg, Bernard G.; <a href="Gertrude_Mary_Cox" title="Gertrude Mary Cox">Cox, Gertrude M.</a>; Mason, David D.; Grizzle, James E.; Johnson, Norman L.; Jones, Lyle V.; Monroe, John; Simmons, Gordon D. Jr. (1978). Nourse, E. Shepley (ed.). "Statistical Training and Research: The University of North Carolina System". International Statistical Review. 46 (2): 171–207. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1402812">10.2307/1402812</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1402812">1402812</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Data_Analysis_using_the_SAS_Language" class="extiw external" title="wikiversity:Data Analysis using the SAS Language">Wikiversity:Data Analysis using the SAS Language</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.com/en_us/home.html">Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://welcome.oda.sas.com/login">SAS OnDemand for Academics</a> No-cost access for learners (free SAS Profile required)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.documentation.sas.com/doc/en/pgmsascdc/v_023/pgmsasgl/glossary.htm?homeOnFail">A Glossary of SAS terminology</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.sas.com/">SAS for Developers</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://communities.sas.com/">SAS community forums</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="SAS_Institute239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="SAS_Institute" title="SAS Institute">SAS Institute</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Located in: <a href="Cary%2C_North_Carolina" title="Cary, North Carolina">Cary, North Carolina</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Goodnight" title="James Goodnight">James Goodnight</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_James_Barr" title="Anthony James Barr">Anthony James Barr</a></li>

<li><a href="Jane_Helwig" title="Jane Helwig">Jane Helwig</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP (statistical software)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SAS_language" title="SAS language">SAS language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical software">Statistical software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Founded: 1976

<ul><li> Category</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistical_software284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistical_software284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li>

<li><a href="CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li>

<li><a href="X-12-ARIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamovi" title="Jamovi">jamovi</a></li>

<li><a href="JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li>

<li><a href="Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> (statsmodels, <a href="PyMC3" class="mw-redirect" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li>

<li><a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> (<a href="RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li>

<li><a href="SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>

<li><a href="SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li>

<li><a href="SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li>

<li><a href="SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li>

<li><a href="XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li>

<li><a href="WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>

<li><a href="GraphPad_InStat" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li>

<li><a href="GraphPad_Prism" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li>

<li>IBM <a href="SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li>

<li>IBM <a href="SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<li><a href="OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li>

<li><a href="Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li>

<li><a href="StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li>

<li><a href="SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li>

<li><a href="Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li>

<li><a href="LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li>

<li><a href="LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li>

<li><a href="MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li>

<li><a href="Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li>

<li><a href="Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li>

<li><a href="MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li>

<li><a href="Shazam_(econometrics_software)" title="Shazam (econometrics software)">Shazam</a></li>

<li><a href="SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li>

<li><a href="StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li>

<li><a href="StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li>

<li><a href="SYSTAT_(statistics_package)" title="SYSTAT (statistics package)">SYSTAT</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li>

<li>Unistat</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li>

<li>Unistat for Excel</li>

<li><a href="XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li>

<li><a href="RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a> • Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Euler_Mathematical_Toolbox" title="Euler Mathematical Toolbox">Euler Mathematical Toolbox</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li>

<li><a href="Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R; <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li>

<li><a href="OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>

<li><a href="Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li>

<li><a href="ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li>

<li><a href="Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Discontinued12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li>

<li><a href="FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>

<li><a href="LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<li><a href="MWorks" title="MWorks">MWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li>

<li><a href="VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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